Once direct "sex chromosome effects" are detected in these models, further studies are required to narrow down the list of candidate X and/or Y genes and then to identify the sexually differentiating genes themselves.

Logical approaches to the search for these genes are reviewed here.

The decision is currently being appealed and hopefully this will provide some certainty in this area for both employers and employees.

If you require any further advice or assistance on shared parental rights, other family friendly rights or any other Employment law matter, please contact the Chattertons Employment law team.

Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239 USA.Discrimination Direct sex discrimination is where a person (X) treats another (Y) less favourably that X treats or would treats others, because of their sex.No account is taken for special treatment of women connected to pregnancy or childbirth."Michael Patrick King was kind of the creative force behind that show, [and] he's going to be writing and directing the movie," series regular Mario Cantone enthused. With him at the helm, it should be damn good."The movie is tentatively scheduled to start filming this fall and Cantone revealed that none of the stars have yet to sign on. I think he's one of the best writers and directors in television.Should there be a general justification defence for direct sex discrimination?At the moment it is possible to justify various forms of discrimination including indirect sex and race discrimination, disability discrimination and discrimination against part‐time workers.Here, we review the research strategies to identify the X and Y genes or chromosomal regions that cause direct, sexually differentiating effects on non-gonadal cells.Some mouse models are useful for separating the effects of sex chromosomes from those of gonadal hormones.After the two week compulsory maternity leave period, the position for men and woman when it comes to care is the same.Parents should be able to choose who takes on the greater care role free of any assumption that the mother is the best person to do it and therefore should receive higher pay because of this assumption.Therefore a man cannot bring a claim for sex discrimination for special treatment afforded to a woman while pregnant or during childbirth.Mr Ali was original employed by Telefonica until his employment transferred under TUPE to Capita. Under Telefonica’s maternity policy, female employees were titled to enhanced maternity pay, being 12 weeks enhanced maternity pay then 25 weeks statutory maternity pay. Mr Ali took two weeks paid leave when his daughter was born.absence of Sry, initiates the differentiation of testes in males, setting up lifelong sex differences in the level of gonadal hormones, which in turn cause many sex differences in the phenotype of non-gonadal tissues.The inherent imbalance in the expression of X and Y genes, or in the epigenetic impact of X and Y chromosomes, also has the potential to contribute directly to the sexual differentiation of non-gonadal cells.